nasal spray with grapefruit seed extract

The effects of human factors on nasal spray efficacy, such as nasal physiology, disease-induced physiological modifications, intersubject variability, and mucociliary clearance, were also examined. We examined factors related to nasal spray administration, including the nasal angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) locations as the delivery target, nasal devices, medication translocation after application, delivery methods, safety issues, and other nasal delivery options. Inherent challenges that hinder effective intranasal delivery were discussed in detail, which included nasal device issues and human nose physiological complexities. Nasal vaccines based on traditional medicines, such as grapefruit seed extract, algae-isolated carrageenan, and Yogurt-fermenting Lactobacillus, are promising and under active investigations. In this review, the latest developments of nasal sprays either as repurposed or antiviral formulations were presented. Nasally inhaled vaccines may act as a promising alternative for COVID-19 management in addition to intramuscular vaccination. The nose is the initial site of viral infection, replication, and transmission in the human body.

Nasal spray with grapefruit seed extract